UDPipe Natural Language Processing - Text Annotation

udpipe the R package

The udpipe R package was designed with the following things in mind when building the Rcpp wrapper around the UDPipe C++ library:

• Give R users simple access in order to easily tokenize, tag, lemmatize or perform dependency parsing on text in any language
• Provide easy access to pre-trained annotation models
• Allow R users to easily construct your own annotation model based on data in CONLL-U format as provided in more than 100 treebanks available at https://universaldependencies.org
• Don’t rely on Python or Java so that R users can easily install this package without configuration hassle
• No external R package dependencies except the strict necessary (Rcpp and data.table, no tidyverse)

UDPipe the C++ library

• UDPipe provides language-agnostic tokenization, tagging, lemmatization and dependency parsing of raw text, which is an essential part in natural language processing.
• UDPipe allows to work with data in CONLL-U format as described at https://universaldependencies.org/format.html
• The techniques used are explained in detail in the paper: “Tokenizing, POS Tagging, Lemmatizing and Parsing UD 2.0 with UDPipe”, available at https://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/~straka/papers/2017-conll_udpipe.pdf. In that paper, you’ll also find accuracies on different languages and process flow speed (measured in words per second).

Pre-trained models

Before you can start on performing the annotation, you need a model. Pre-trained models build on Universal Dependencies treebanks are made available for more than 65 languages based on 101 treebanks, namely:

afrikaans-afribooms, ancient_greek-perseus, ancient_greek-proiel, arabic-padt, armenian-armtdp, basque-bdt, belarusian-hse, bulgarian-btb, buryat-bdt, catalan-ancora, chinese-gsd, chinese-gsdsimp, classical_chinese-kyoto, coptic-scriptorium, croatian-set, czech-cac, czech-cltt, czech-fictree, czech-pdt, danish-ddt, dutch-alpino, dutch-lassysmall, english-ewt, english-gum, english-lines, english-partut, estonian-edt, estonian-ewt, finnish-ftb, finnish-tdt, french-gsd, french-partut, french-sequoia, french-spoken, galician-ctg, galician-treegal, german-gsd, german-hdt, gothic-proiel, greek-gdt, hebrew-htb, hindi-hdtb, hungarian-szeged, indonesian-gsd, irish-idt, italian-isdt, italian-partut, italian-postwita, italian-twittiro, italian-vit, japanese-gsd, kazakh-ktb, korean-gsd, korean-kaist, kurmanji-mg, latin-ittb, latin-perseus, latin-proiel, latvian-lvtb, lithuanian-alksnis, lithuanian-hse, maltese-mudt, marathi-ufal, north_sami-giella, norwegian-bokmaal, norwegian-nynorsk, norwegian-nynorsklia, old_church_slavonic-proiel, old_french-srcmf, old_russian-torot, persian-seraji, polish-lfg, polish-pdb, polish-sz, portuguese-bosque, portuguese-br, portuguese-gsd, romanian-nonstandard, romanian-rrt, russian-gsd, russian-syntagrus, russian-taiga, sanskrit-ufal, scottish_gaelic-arcosg, serbian-set, slovak-snk, slovenian-ssj, slovenian-sst, spanish-ancora, spanish-gsd, swedish-lines, swedish-talbanken, tamil-ttb, telugu-mtg, turkish-imst, ukrainian-iu, upper_sorbian-ufal, urdu-udtb, uyghur-udt, vietnamese-vtb, wolof-wtb.

For R users who want to use these open-sourced models provided by the UDPipe community and start on tagging, you can proceed as follows to download the model of the language of your choice.

library(udpipe)
dl <- udpipe_download_model(language = "dutch")
str(dl)

'data.frame':   1 obs. of  5 variables:
 $ language        : chr "dutch-alpino"
 $ file_model      : chr "/tmp/RtmpHuJLbJ/Rbuild7724ebafc3d/udpipe/vignettes/dutch-alpino-ud-2.5-191206.udpipe"
 $ url             : chr "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jwijffels/udpipe.models.ud.2.5/master/inst/udpipe-ud-2.5-191206/dutch-alpino-"| __truncated__
 $ download_failed : logi FALSE
 $ download_message: chr "OK"

Build your own annotator models

The udipe R package also allows you to easily train your own models, based on data in CONLL-U format, so that you can use these for your own commercial or non-commercial purposes. This is described in the other vignette of this package which you can view by the command vignette("udpipe-train", package = "udpipe") `

Load the model

First load the model which you have downloaded or which you have stored somewhere on disk.

## Either give a file in the current working directory
udmodel_dutch <- udpipe_load_model(file = "dutch-alpino-ud-2.5-191206.udpipe")
## Or give the full path to the file 
udmodel_dutch <- udpipe_load_model(file = dl$file_model)

Annotate your text

txt <- c("Ik ben de weg kwijt, kunt u me zeggen waar de Lange Wapper ligt? Jazeker meneer", 
         "Het gaat vooruit, het gaat verbazend goed vooruit")
x <- udpipe_annotate(udmodel_dutch, x = txt)
x <- as.data.frame(x)
str(x)

'data.frame':   27 obs. of  14 variables:
 $ doc_id       : chr  "doc1" "doc1" "doc1" "doc1" ...
 $ paragraph_id : int  1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
 $ sentence_id  : int  1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
 $ sentence     : chr  "Ik ben de weg kwijt, kunt u me zeggen waar de Lange Wapper ligt?" "Ik ben de weg kwijt, kunt u me zeggen waar de Lange Wapper ligt?" "Ik ben de weg kwijt, kunt u me zeggen waar de Lange Wapper ligt?" "Ik ben de weg kwijt, kunt u me zeggen waar de Lange Wapper ligt?" ...
 $ token_id     : chr  "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
 $ token        : chr  "Ik" "ben" "de" "weg" ...
 $ lemma        : chr  "ik" "zijn" "de" "weg" ...
 $ upos         : chr  "PRON" "AUX" "DET" "NOUN" ...
 $ xpos         : chr  "VNW|pers|pron|nomin|vol|1|ev" "WW|pv|tgw|ev" "LID|bep|stan|rest" "N|soort|ev|basis|zijd|stan" ...
 $ feats        : chr  "Case=Nom|Person=1|PronType=Prs" "Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin" "Definite=Def" "Gender=Com|Number=Sing" ...
 $ head_token_id: chr  "5" "5" "4" "5" ...
 $ dep_rel      : chr  "nsubj" "cop" "det" "obj" ...
 $ deps         : chr  NA NA NA NA ...
 $ misc         : chr  NA NA NA NA ...

table(x$upos)

  ADJ   ADV   AUX   DET  NOUN  PRON PUNCT  VERB 
    4     3     2     2     4     5     3     4 

## Tokenization + finds sentences, does not execute POS tagging, nor lemmatization or dependency parsing
x <- udpipe_annotate(udmodel_dutch, x = txt, tagger = "none", parser = "none")
x <- as.data.frame(x)
table(x$upos)
table(x$dep_rel)

## Tokenization + finds sentences, does POS tagging and lemmatization but does not execute dependency parsing
x <- udpipe_annotate(udmodel_dutch, x = txt, tagger = "default", parser = "none")
x <- as.data.frame(x)
table(x$upos)
table(x$dep_rel)

## Tokenization + finds sentences and executes dependency parsing but does not do POS tagging nor lemmatization
x <- udpipe_annotate(udmodel_dutch, x = txt, tagger = "none", parser = "default")
x <- as.data.frame(x)
table(x$upos)
table(x$dep_rel)

## Either put every token on a new line and use tokenizer: vertical
input <- list(doc1 = c("Ik", "ben", "de", "weg", "kwijt", ",", "kunt", "u", "me", "zeggen", 
                       "waar", "de", "Lange Wapper", "ligt", "?", "Jazeker", "meneer"),
              doc2 = c("Het", "gaat", "vooruit", ",", "het", "gaat", "verbazend", "goed", "vooruit"))
txt <- sapply(input, FUN=function(x) paste(x, collapse = "\n"))
x <- udpipe_annotate(udmodel_dutch, x = txt, tokenizer = "vertical")
x <- as.data.frame(x)

## Or put every token of each document in 1 string separated by a space and use tokenizer: horizontal
##   Mark that if a token contains a space, you need to replace the space 
##   with the 'NO-BREAK SPACE' (U+00A0) character to make sure it is still considered as one token
txt <- sapply(input, FUN=function(x){
  x <- gsub(" ", intToUtf8(160), x) ## replace space with no-break-space
  paste(x, collapse = " ")
})
x <- udpipe_annotate(udmodel_dutch, x = as.character(txt), tokenizer = "horizontal")
x <- as.data.frame(x)

Remarks

Some remarks:

• If your model is not trained to be able to do parsing/tagging, you can not request it to do parsing/tagging
• Use argument doc_id to udpipe_annotate so that you can link your document to the tagged terms later on
• Your text has to be in UTF-8 Encoding when you pass it to udpipe_annotate, if you don’t have that Encoding use standard R facilities like iconv to convert it to UTF-8. You get also results in UTF-8 encoding back.

dl <- udpipe_download_model(language = "sanskrit", udpipe_model_repo = "jwijffels/udpipe.models.ud.2.0")
udmodel_sanskrit <- udpipe_load_model(file = dl$file_model)
txt <- "ततः असौ प्राह क्षत्रियस्य तिस्रः भार्या धर्मम् भवन्ति तत् एषा कदाचिद् वैश्या सुता भविष्यति तत् अनुरागः ममास्याम् ततः रथकारः तस्य निश्चयम् विज्ञायावदत् वयस्य किम् अ धुना कर्तव्यम् कौलिकः आह किम् अहम् जानामि त्वयि मित्रे यत् अभिहितं मया ततः"
x <- udpipe_annotate(udmodel_sanskrit, x = txt)
Encoding(x$conllu)
x <- as.data.frame(x)

• If you want to work with other tools which are capable of handling CONLL-U format, just export your annotation to a file as shown below

x <- udpipe_annotate(udmodel_sanskrit, x = txt)
cat(x$conllu, file = "myannotation.conllu")